I've been absolutely devouring Constance Stellas' How To Be An Astrologer since it arrived in my mailbox. This is a serious book for people with a good, deep, knowledge of astrology who want to go to the next level. This is not a book for beginners in any way shape or form. As an example, I've been working with birth charts and getting professional readings since my college years, decades ago. For the past 20 years I've taught a month-long class on the basics of astrology designed to help students feel comfortable with reading their own chart. I am familiar with the basics.

I found How To Be An Astrologer almost overwhelmingly informative.

Chapter One goes over what we might call the basics: identifying the placement of the luminaries and planets in houses and zodiac signs. Chapter Two looks at the math of calculating degrees of relationships between the chart elements. The depth Stellas goes to about the aspects is superb. Chapter Three steps back a bit to track the "personal" planets and Moon through your chart. Here we look at the moon's movement through the houses, void-of-course and retrograde periods. Chapter Four delves into the "transpersonal" planets and the generational role of Pluto's placement at your birth.

All of the above is often found in a good astrology book, although not all authors are as thorough as Stellas is in the explanation. With Chapter Five we go off the deep end (in a good way!) as the reader is shown how to do predictive astrology using progressions of various styles (e.g., Solar Arc, Progressed Moon, Saturn Wheel, etc.). Chapter Six takes us to synastry, the art of looking at compatibility between two (or more) charts. Synastry is good for all kinds of relationships: friendship, parents and children, coworkers and bosses, marriage. Chapter Seven unveils the hidden aspects of the natal chart, with a look at karmic ties and links, past lives, and soul mates. Chapter Eight explores some of the more unusual or esoteric ways to read a chart. This was a particularly fun chapter, as Stellas discusses fixed stars, Arabic parts, decanates, various House Systems, cusps, asteroids, medical astrology, national events, and even the astrology of Feng Shui.

The book ends with two more chapters on the process of reading a chart, including how to tell if you are accurate (!) and training yourself to think like a (professional) astrologer.

I could make a tiny quibble and beg for a few more illustrations, but given how much complicated information is presented so concisely and thoroughly it is a truly tiny quibble. The book itself is bound in such a way that you'll be opening it for years without damaging it. Which is good, because most readers will be digesting it in small quantities at a time. Astrology is a topic that often takes years to master. Keeping that fact in mind when reading will help readers not get discouraged.

Highly recommended!

~review by Lisa Mc Sherry

Author: Constance Stellas
Adams Media, 2020
pp. 276 $18.99 

32.499MBMemory Usage958msRequest Duration
Joomla! Version4.4.8
PHP Version8.3.23
Identityguest
Response200
Templatert_ambrosia
Database
Server
mysql
Version
10.6.22-MariaDB
Collation
latin1_swedish_ci
Conn Collation
utf8mb4_general_ci
$_GET
[]
$_POST
[]
$_SESSION
array:1 [ "joomla" => "***redacted***" ]
$_COOKIE
[]
$_SERVER
array:51 [ "USER" => "facingnorth" "HOME" => "/home/facingnorth" "SCRIPT_NAME" => "/index.php"...
session
array:3 [ "counter" => 1 "timer" => array:3 [ "start" => 1753750957 "last" => 1753750957...
registry
array:3 [ "data" => [] "initialized" => false "separator" => "." ]
user
array:18 [ "id" => 0 "name" => null "username" => null "email" => null "password" => "***r...
  • afterLoad (459.27KB) (4.37ms)
  • afterInitialise (811.63KB) (16.25ms)
  • afterRoute (545.27KB) (10.9ms)
  • beforeRenderComponent com_content (36.74KB) (1.1ms)
  • Before Access::preloadComponents (all components) (33.55KB) (731μs)
  • After Access::preloadComponents (all components) (110.39KB) (909μs)
  • Before Access::preloadPermissions (com_content) (1.57KB) (27μs)
  • After Access::preloadPermissions (com_content) (2.01MB) (6.81ms)
  • Before Access::getAssetRules (id:3480 name:com_content.article.2592) (66.65KB) (219μs)
  • After Access::getAssetRules (id:3480 name:com_content.article.2592) (8.72KB) (127μs)
  • afterRenderComponent com_content (268.3KB) (11.81ms)
  • afterDispatch (2.28KB) (120μs)
  • beforeRenderRawModule mod_finder (Search Module) (1.52MB) (19.12ms)
  • afterRenderRawModule mod_finder (Search Module) (279.06KB) (4.67ms)
  • beforeRenderModule mod_finder (Search Module) (720B) (11μs)
  • afterRenderModule mod_finder (Search Module) (1.28KB) (100μs)
  • afterRender (9.79MB) (880ms)
  • 1 x afterRender (9.79MB) (91.8%)
    879.60ms
    1 x beforeRenderRawModule mod_finder (Search Module) (1.52MB) (2%)
    19.12ms
    1 x afterInitialise (811.63KB) (1.7%)
    16.25ms
    1 x afterRenderComponent com_content (268.3KB) (1.23%)
    11.81ms
    1 x afterRoute (545.27KB) (1.14%)
    10.90ms
    1 x After Access::preloadPermissions (com_content) (2.01MB) (0.71%)
    6.81ms
    1 x afterRenderRawModule mod_finder (Search Module) (279.06KB) (0.49%)
    4.67ms
    1 x afterLoad (459.27KB) (0.46%)
    4.37ms
    1 x beforeRenderComponent com_content (36.74KB) (0.12%)
    1.10ms
    1 x After Access::preloadComponents (all components) (110.39KB) (0.09%)
    909μs
    1 x Before Access::preloadComponents (all components) (33.55KB) (0.08%)
    731μs
    1 x Before Access::getAssetRules (id:3480 name:com_content.article.2592) (66.65KB) (0.02%)
    219μs
    1 x After Access::getAssetRules (id:3480 name:com_content.article.2592) (8.72KB) (0.01%)
    127μs
    1 x afterDispatch (2.28KB) (0.01%)
    120μs
    1 x afterRenderModule mod_finder (Search Module) (1.28KB) (0.01%)
    100μs
    1 x Before Access::preloadPermissions (com_content) (1.57KB) (0%)
    27μs
    1 x beforeRenderModule mod_finder (Search Module) (720B) (0%)
    11μs
32 statements were executed, 3 of which were duplicates, 29 unique17.08ms400.05KB
  • SELECT @@SESSION.sql_mode;91μs968B/libraries/vendor/joomla/database/src/Mysqli/MysqliDriver.php:334Copy
  • SELECT `data` FROM `facv2_session` WHERE `session_id` = ?133μs1008BParams/libraries/vendor/joomla/session/src/Handler/DatabaseHandler.php:261Copy
  • SELECT `session_id` FROM `facv2_session` WHERE `session_id` = :session_id LIMIT 1175μs1.3KBParams/libraries/src/Session/MetadataManager.php:187Copy
  • INSERT INTO `facv2_session` (`session_id`,`guest`,`time`,`userid`,`username`,`client_id`) VALUES (:session_id, :guest, :time, :user_id, :username, :client_id)1.64ms944BParams/libraries/src/Session/MetadataManager.php:260Copy
  • SELECT `extension_id` AS `id`,`element` AS `option`,`params`,`enabled` FROM `facv2_extensions` WHERE `type` = 'component' AND `state` = 0 AND `enabled` = 1324μs1.61KB/libraries/src/Component/ComponentHelper.php:399Copy
  • SELECT `id`,`rules` FROM `facv2_viewlevels`103μs656B/libraries/src/Access/Access.php:955Copy
  • SELECT `b`.`id` FROM `facv2_usergroups` AS `a` LEFT JOIN `facv2_usergroups` AS `b` ON `b`.`lft` <= `a`.`lft` AND `b`.`rgt` >= `a`.`rgt` WHERE `a`.`id` = :guest166μs1.33KBParams/libraries/src/Access/Access.php:868Copy
  • SELECT `folder` AS `type`,`element` AS `name`,`params` AS `params`,`extension_id` AS `id` FROM `facv2_extensions` WHERE `enabled` = 1 AND `type` = 'plugin' AND `state` IN (0,1) AND `access` IN (:preparedArray1,:preparedArray2) ORDER BY `ordering`553μs3.48KBParams/libraries/src/Plugin/PluginHelper.php:294Copy
  • SELECT `m`.`id`,`m`.`menutype`,`m`.`title`,`m`.`alias`,`m`.`note`,`m`.`link`,`m`.`type`,`m`.`level`,`m`.`language`,`m`.`browserNav`,`m`.`access`,`m`.`params`,`m`.`home`,`m`.`img`,`m`.`template_style_id`,`m`.`component_id`,`m`.`parent_id`,`m`.`path` AS `route`,`e`.`element` AS `component` FROM `facv2_menu` AS `m` LEFT JOIN `facv2_extensions` AS `e` ON `m`.`component_id` = `e`.`extension_id` WHERE ( (`m`.`published` = 1 AND `m`.`parent_id` > 0 AND `m`.`client_id` = 0) AND (`m`.`publish_up` IS NULL OR `m`.`publish_up` <= :currentDate1)) AND (`m`.`publish_down` IS NULL OR `m`.`publish_down` >= :currentDate2) ORDER BY `m`.`lft`792μs133.17KBParams/libraries/src/Menu/SiteMenu.php:166Copy
  • SELECT `c`.`id`,`c`.`asset_id`,`c`.`access`,`c`.`alias`,`c`.`checked_out`,`c`.`checked_out_time`,`c`.`created_time`,`c`.`created_user_id`,`c`.`description`,`c`.`extension`,`c`.`hits`,`c`.`language`,`c`.`level`,`c`.`lft`,`c`.`metadata`,`c`.`metadesc`,`c`.`metakey`,`c`.`modified_time`,`c`.`note`,`c`.`params`,`c`.`parent_id`,`c`.`path`,`c`.`published`,`c`.`rgt`,`c`.`title`,`c`.`modified_user_id`,`c`.`version`, CASE WHEN CHAR_LENGTH(`c`.`alias`) != 0 THEN CONCAT_WS(':', `c`.`id`, `c`.`alias`) ELSE `c`.`id` END as `slug` FROM `facv2_categories` AS `s` INNER JOIN `facv2_categories` AS `c` ON (`s`.`lft` <= `c`.`lft` AND `c`.`lft` < `s`.`rgt`) OR (`c`.`lft` < `s`.`lft` AND `s`.`rgt` < `c`.`rgt`) WHERE (`c`.`extension` = :extension OR `c`.`extension` = 'system') AND `c`.`published` = 1 AND `s`.`id` = :id ORDER BY `c`.`lft`567μs3.88KBParams/libraries/src/Categories/Categories.php:375Copy
  • SELECT `id` FROM `facv2_content` WHERE `alias` = :alias AND `catid` = :catid177μs1.34KBParams/components/com_content/src/Service/Router.php:263Copy
  • SELECT `id`,`home`,`template`,`s`.`params`,`inheritable`,`parent` FROM `facv2_template_styles` AS `s` LEFT JOIN `facv2_extensions` AS `e` ON `e`.`element` = `s`.`template` AND `e`.`type` = 'template' AND `e`.`client_id` = `s`.`client_id` WHERE `s`.`client_id` = 0 AND `e`.`enabled` = 1330μs880B/administrator/components/com_templates/src/Model/StyleModel.php:773Copy
  • SELECT s.id, s.template, s.home, s.title AS long_title, s.params FROM facv2_template_styles AS s WHERE s.client_id = 0 AND s.template = 'rt_ambrosia' ORDER BY s.id168μs800B/libraries/gantry5/src/classes/Gantry/Joomla/StyleHelper.php:69Copy
  • SELECT * FROM `facv2_languages` WHERE `published` = 1 ORDER BY `ordering` ASC150μs1.59KB/libraries/src/Language/LanguageHelper.php:142Copy
  • SELECT `id`,`name`,`rules`,`parent_id` FROM `facv2_assets` WHERE `name` IN (:preparedArray1,:preparedArray2,:preparedArray3,:preparedArray4,:preparedArray5,:preparedArray6,:preparedArray7,:preparedArray8,:preparedArray9,:preparedArray10,:preparedArray11,:preparedArray12,:preparedArray13,:preparedArray14,:preparedArray15,:preparedArray16,:preparedArray17,:preparedArray18,:preparedArray19,:preparedArray20,:preparedArray21,:preparedArray22,:preparedArray23,:preparedArray24,:preparedArray25,:preparedArray26,:preparedArray27,:preparedArray28,:preparedArray29,:preparedArray30,:preparedArray31,:preparedArray32,:preparedArray33,:preparedArray34,:preparedArray35,:preparedArray36,:preparedArray37,:preparedArray38,:preparedArray39)523μs7.44KBParams/libraries/src/Access/Access.php:357Copy
  • SELECT `id`,`name`,`rules`,`parent_id` FROM `facv2_assets` WHERE `name` LIKE :asset OR `name` = :extension OR `parent_id` = 02.49ms185.48KBParams/libraries/src/Access/Access.php:301Copy
  • SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `facv2_content`610μs3.02KB/libraries/vendor/joomla/database/src/Mysqli/MysqliDriver.php:625Copy
  • UPDATE `facv2_content` SET `hits` = (`hits` + 1) WHERE `id` = '2592'1.34ms48B/libraries/src/Table/Table.php:1325Copy
  • SELECT `a`.`id`,`a`.`asset_id`,`a`.`title`,`a`.`alias`,`a`.`introtext`,`a`.`fulltext`,`a`.`state`,`a`.`catid`,`a`.`created`,`a`.`created_by`,`a`.`created_by_alias`,`a`.`modified`,`a`.`modified_by`,`a`.`checked_out`,`a`.`checked_out_time`,`a`.`publish_up`,`a`.`publish_down`,`a`.`images`,`a`.`urls`,`a`.`attribs`,`a`.`version`,`a`.`ordering`,`a`.`metakey`,`a`.`metadesc`,`a`.`access`,`a`.`hits`,`a`.`metadata`,`a`.`featured`,`a`.`language`,`fp`.`featured_up`,`fp`.`featured_down`,`c`.`title` AS `category_title`,`c`.`alias` AS `category_alias`,`c`.`access` AS `category_access`,`c`.`language` AS `category_language`,`fp`.`ordering`,`u`.`name` AS `author`,`parent`.`title` AS `parent_title`,`parent`.`id` AS `parent_id`,`parent`.`path` AS `parent_route`,`parent`.`alias` AS `parent_alias`,`parent`.`language` AS `parent_language`,ROUND(`v`.`rating_sum` / `v`.`rating_count`, 1) AS `rating`,`v`.`rating_count` AS `rating_count` FROM `facv2_content` AS `a` INNER JOIN `facv2_categories` AS `c` ON `c`.`id` = `a`.`catid` LEFT JOIN `facv2_content_frontpage` AS `fp` ON `fp`.`content_id` = `a`.`id` LEFT JOIN `facv2_users` AS `u` ON `u`.`id` = `a`.`created_by` LEFT JOIN `facv2_categories` AS `parent` ON `parent`.`id` = `c`.`parent_id` LEFT JOIN `facv2_content_rating` AS `v` ON `a`.`id` = `v`.`content_id` WHERE ( (`a`.`id` = :pk AND `c`.`published` > 0) AND (`a`.`publish_up` IS NULL OR `a`.`publish_up` <= :publishUp)) AND (`a`.`publish_down` IS NULL OR `a`.`publish_down` >= :publishDown) AND `a`.`state` IN (:preparedArray1,:preparedArray2)387μs22.13KBParams/components/com_content/src/Model/ArticleModel.php:215Copy
  • SELECT `c`.`id`,`c`.`asset_id`,`c`.`access`,`c`.`alias`,`c`.`checked_out`,`c`.`checked_out_time`,`c`.`created_time`,`c`.`created_user_id`,`c`.`description`,`c`.`extension`,`c`.`hits`,`c`.`language`,`c`.`level`,`c`.`lft`,`c`.`metadata`,`c`.`metadesc`,`c`.`metakey`,`c`.`modified_time`,`c`.`note`,`c`.`params`,`c`.`parent_id`,`c`.`path`,`c`.`published`,`c`.`rgt`,`c`.`title`,`c`.`modified_user_id`,`c`.`version`, CASE WHEN CHAR_LENGTH(`c`.`alias`) != 0 THEN CONCAT_WS(':', `c`.`id`, `c`.`alias`) ELSE `c`.`id` END as `slug` FROM `facv2_categories` AS `s` INNER JOIN `facv2_categories` AS `c` ON (`s`.`lft` <= `c`.`lft` AND `c`.`lft` < `s`.`rgt`) OR (`c`.`lft` < `s`.`lft` AND `s`.`rgt` < `c`.`rgt`) WHERE (`c`.`extension` = :extension OR `c`.`extension` = 'system') AND `c`.`access` IN (:preparedArray1,:preparedArray2) AND `c`.`published` = 1 AND `s`.`id` = :id ORDER BY `c`.`lft`423μs3.92KBParams/libraries/src/Categories/Categories.php:375Copy
  • SELECT `m`.`tag_id`,`t`.* FROM `facv2_contentitem_tag_map` AS `m` INNER JOIN `facv2_tags` AS `t` ON `m`.`tag_id` = `t`.`id` WHERE `m`.`type_alias` = :contentType AND `m`.`content_item_id` = :id AND `t`.`published` = 1 AND `t`.`access` IN (:preparedArray1,:preparedArray2)238μs3.97KBParams/libraries/src/Helper/TagsHelper.php:388Copy
  • SELECT `c`.`id`,`c`.`asset_id`,`c`.`access`,`c`.`alias`,`c`.`checked_out`,`c`.`checked_out_time`,`c`.`created_time`,`c`.`created_user_id`,`c`.`description`,`c`.`extension`,`c`.`hits`,`c`.`language`,`c`.`level`,`c`.`lft`,`c`.`metadata`,`c`.`metadesc`,`c`.`metakey`,`c`.`modified_time`,`c`.`note`,`c`.`params`,`c`.`parent_id`,`c`.`path`,`c`.`published`,`c`.`rgt`,`c`.`title`,`c`.`modified_user_id`,`c`.`version`, CASE WHEN CHAR_LENGTH(`c`.`alias`) != 0 THEN CONCAT_WS(':', `c`.`id`, `c`.`alias`) ELSE `c`.`id` END as `slug` FROM `facv2_categories` AS `s` INNER JOIN `facv2_categories` AS `c` ON (`s`.`lft` <= `c`.`lft` AND `c`.`lft` < `s`.`rgt`) OR (`c`.`lft` < `s`.`lft` AND `s`.`rgt` < `c`.`rgt`) WHERE (`c`.`extension` = :extension OR `c`.`extension` = 'system') AND `c`.`access` IN (:preparedArray1,:preparedArray2) AND `c`.`published` = 1 AND `s`.`id` = :id ORDER BY `c`.`lft`421μs3.92KBParams/libraries/src/Categories/Categories.php:375Copy
  • SELECT DISTINCT a.id, a.title, a.name, a.checked_out, a.checked_out_time, a.note, a.state, a.access, a.created_time, a.created_user_id, a.ordering, a.language, a.fieldparams, a.params, a.type, a.default_value, a.context, a.group_id, a.label, a.description, a.required, a.only_use_in_subform,l.title AS language_title, l.image AS language_image,uc.name AS editor,ag.title AS access_level,ua.name AS author_name,g.title AS group_title, g.access as group_access, g.state AS group_state, g.note as group_note FROM facv2_fields AS a LEFT JOIN `facv2_languages` AS l ON l.lang_code = a.language LEFT JOIN facv2_users AS uc ON uc.id=a.checked_out LEFT JOIN facv2_viewlevels AS ag ON ag.id = a.access LEFT JOIN facv2_users AS ua ON ua.id = a.created_user_id LEFT JOIN facv2_fields_groups AS g ON g.id = a.group_id LEFT JOIN `facv2_fields_categories` AS fc ON fc.field_id = a.id WHERE ( (`a`.`context` = :context AND (`fc`.`category_id` IS NULL OR `fc`.`category_id` IN (:preparedArray1,:preparedArray2,:preparedArray3)) AND `a`.`access` IN (:preparedArray4,:preparedArray5)) AND (`a`.`group_id` = 0 OR `g`.`access` IN (:preparedArray6,:preparedArray7)) AND `a`.`state` = :state) AND (`a`.`group_id` = 0 OR `g`.`state` = :gstate) AND `a`.`only_use_in_subform` = :only_use_in_subform ORDER BY a.ordering ASC840μs4.81KBParams/libraries/src/MVC/Model/BaseDatabaseModel.php:166Copy
  • SELECT `c`.`id`,`c`.`asset_id`,`c`.`access`,`c`.`alias`,`c`.`checked_out`,`c`.`checked_out_time`,`c`.`created_time`,`c`.`created_user_id`,`c`.`description`,`c`.`extension`,`c`.`hits`,`c`.`language`,`c`.`level`,`c`.`lft`,`c`.`metadata`,`c`.`metadesc`,`c`.`metakey`,`c`.`modified_time`,`c`.`note`,`c`.`params`,`c`.`parent_id`,`c`.`path`,`c`.`published`,`c`.`rgt`,`c`.`title`,`c`.`modified_user_id`,`c`.`version`, CASE WHEN CHAR_LENGTH(`c`.`alias`) != 0 THEN CONCAT_WS(':', `c`.`id`, `c`.`alias`) ELSE `c`.`id` END as `slug` FROM `facv2_categories` AS `s` INNER JOIN `facv2_categories` AS `c` ON (`s`.`lft` <= `c`.`lft` AND `c`.`lft` < `s`.`rgt`) OR (`c`.`lft` < `s`.`lft` AND `s`.`rgt` < `c`.`rgt`) WHERE (`c`.`extension` = :extension OR `c`.`extension` = 'system') AND `c`.`access` IN (:preparedArray1,:preparedArray2) AND `c`.`published` = 1 AND `s`.`id` = :id ORDER BY `c`.`lft`381μs3.92KBParams/libraries/src/Categories/Categories.php:375Copy
  • SELECT `a`.`menutype`,`a`.`title` FROM `facv2_menu_types` AS `a` WHERE `a`.`client_id` = 0114μs608B/libraries/gantry5/src/classes/Gantry/Framework/Menu.php:138Copy
  • SELECT m.id, m.alias, m.path AS route, m.level, m.parent_id FROM facv2_menu AS m WHERE m.menutype = 'mainmenu' AND m.parent_id > 0 AND m.client_id = 0 AND m.published >= 0 ORDER BY m.lft562μs1.98KB/libraries/gantry5/src/classes/Gantry/Framework/Menu.php:791Copy
  • SELECT `m`.`id`,`m`.`title`,`m`.`module`,`m`.`position`,`m`.`content`,`m`.`showtitle`,`m`.`params`,`mm`.`menuid` FROM `facv2_modules` AS `m` LEFT JOIN `facv2_modules_menu` AS `mm` ON `mm`.`moduleid` = `m`.`id` LEFT JOIN `facv2_extensions` AS `e` ON `e`.`element` = `m`.`module` AND `e`.`client_id` = `m`.`client_id` WHERE ( ( (`m`.`published` = 1 AND `e`.`enabled` = 1 AND `m`.`client_id` = :clientId AND `m`.`access` IN (:preparedArray1,:preparedArray2)) AND (`m`.`publish_up` IS NULL OR `m`.`publish_up` <= :publishUp)) AND (`m`.`publish_down` IS NULL OR `m`.`publish_down` >= :publishDown)) AND (`mm`.`menuid` = :itemId OR `mm`.`menuid` <= 0) ORDER BY `m`.`position`,`m`.`ordering`486μs1.83KBParams/libraries/src/Cache/Controller/CallbackController.php:51Copy
  • SELECT `name`,`element` FROM `facv2_extensions` WHERE `type` = 'plugin' AND `folder` = 'finder' AND `enabled` = 1306μs656B/administrator/components/com_finder/src/Helper/LanguageHelper.php:135Copy
  • SELECT `title` FROM `facv2_finder_taxonomy` WHERE `parent_id` = 1 AND `state` = 1 AND `access` IN (1,5)176μs584B/administrator/components/com_finder/src/Indexer/Taxonomy.php:314Copy
  • SELECT SUM(CASE WHEN `a`.`next_execution` <= :now THEN 1 ELSE 0 END) AS due_count,SUM(CASE WHEN `a`.`locked` IS NULL THEN 0 ELSE 1 END) AS locked_count FROM `facv2_scheduler_tasks` AS `a` WHERE `a`.`state` = 1288μs1.37KBParams/administrator/components/com_scheduler/src/Model/TasksModel.php:466Copy
  • SELECT `session_id` FROM `facv2_session` WHERE `session_id` = ?157μs1KBParams/libraries/vendor/joomla/session/src/Handler/DatabaseHandler.php:291Copy
  • UPDATE `facv2_session` SET `data` = ? , `time` = ? WHERE `session_id` = ?1.97ms592BParams/libraries/vendor/joomla/session/src/Handler/DatabaseHandler.php:318Copy